NJ Eyewitness Identification Procedures Revised
March 14, 2021 - Posted by Ed Esposito
On February 9, 2021, the New Jersey Attorney General revised the procedures that law enforcement officers must follow when composing, conducting and recording out-of-court identifications made by an eyewitness. The changes were prompted by two separate New Jersey Supreme Court decisions in 2019 that ultimately led to the Court adopting revised rules for recording an out-of-court identification (Rule 3:11).
The first case, State v. Anthony, 273 N.J. 213 (2019), clarified that law enforcement officers must record identification procedures electronically, preferably by video and audio. If that is not possible, then a contemporaneous written account must be made. As a last resort, if either of those options are not possible, the administrator of the identification procedure is required to provide a detailed summary of the procedure and they must document the reasons why the electronic recording or contemporaneous record was not possible.
The second case, State v. Green, 239 N.J. 88 (2019), set forth new obligations for the State when officers search for an unknown suspect based on a witness’s physical description of that suspect by using an “old-fashioned” hard-copy “mug book,” or a more contemporary digital database of mugshots. In order for this procedure to be admissible in court, law enforcement must now preserve certain photos the witness views when making an identification. When relevant, the State will also have the burden of showing that a witness was not exposed to multiple photos or viewings of the same suspect. The Court’s decision in this case specifically requires the following photos or images to be retained thereby enabling an appropriate review in the future:
The new policy issued by the Attorney General now requires the specific recording requirements of any out-of-court identification procedure. In general, the requirements for live lineups and photo lineups remains the same. In addition, the requirements for providing instructions to a witness and having a “blind administrator” for the procedure remain in place. The same practices are also now applicable when officers are using a “physical mug book” or a “digital mug book.”
When using a mug book, preparers should ensure that only one photo of each individual is in the mug book. If feasible, mugshot-identification procedures should be conducted sequentially, i.e., showing one photo or one person at a time to the witness, rather than simultaneously. Officers must also ensure that no writings or information concerning previous arrest(s) will be visible to the witness.
The amended Court Rule governing these procedures now states: “The visual depiction may consist of photographs or images fixed in any medium now known or later developed.” This virtually ensures that any other advances in technology that will be used for an out-of-court identification must follow the same procedures.
On February 9, 2021, the New Jersey Attorney General revised the procedures that law enforcement officers must follow when composing, conducting and recording out-of-court identifications made by an eyewitness. The changes were prompted by two separate New Jersey Supreme Court decisions in 2019 that ultimately led to the Court adopting revised rules for recording an out-of-court identification (Rule 3:11).
The first case, State v. Anthony, 273 N.J. 213 (2019), clarified that law enforcement officers must record identification procedures electronically, preferably by video and audio. If that is not possible, then a contemporaneous written account must be made. As a last resort, if either of those options are not possible, the administrator of the identification procedure is required to provide a detailed summary of the procedure and they must document the reasons why the electronic recording or contemporaneous record was not possible.
The second case, State v. Green, 239 N.J. 88 (2019), set forth new obligations for the State when officers search for an unknown suspect based on a witness’s physical description of that suspect by using an “old-fashioned” hard-copy “mug book,” or a more contemporary digital database of mugshots. In order for this procedure to be admissible in court, law enforcement must now preserve certain photos the witness views when making an identification. When relevant, the State will also have the burden of showing that a witness was not exposed to multiple photos or viewings of the same suspect. The Court’s decision in this case specifically requires the following photos or images to be retained thereby enabling an appropriate review in the future:
- The photo of the suspect the witness selected, along with all other photos on the screen or page; and
- Any photo that a witness says depicts a person who looks similar to the suspect, along with all other photos on that screen or page.
The new policy issued by the Attorney General now requires the specific recording requirements of any out-of-court identification procedure. In general, the requirements for live lineups and photo lineups remains the same. In addition, the requirements for providing instructions to a witness and having a “blind administrator” for the procedure remain in place. The same practices are also now applicable when officers are using a “physical mug book” or a “digital mug book.”
When using a mug book, preparers should ensure that only one photo of each individual is in the mug book. If feasible, mugshot-identification procedures should be conducted sequentially, i.e., showing one photo or one person at a time to the witness, rather than simultaneously. Officers must also ensure that no writings or information concerning previous arrest(s) will be visible to the witness.
The amended Court Rule governing these procedures now states: “The visual depiction may consist of photographs or images fixed in any medium now known or later developed.” This virtually ensures that any other advances in technology that will be used for an out-of-court identification must follow the same procedures.